• part 1, 2:41: "sometimes it feels like the needs of pedestrians are completely ignored." Singapore clearly puts a lot of effort into accommodating pedestrians, and still falls well short. Does this reflect underlying, invisible prejudices, such that even policy-makers who view themselves as progressive and pro-pedestrian approve and implement policies like car-dominated right-of-ways? One example in Singapore: the street in front of LKYSPP campus, Bukit Timah Road, is actually two streets, one in each direction, with a canal in the middle. Pedestrians have to walk to, and then up, across, and down, an overpass; at streetlights, the pedestrian crossings are so poorly timed that it takes two full and lengthy light cycles to cross the road. Second example: crosswalks and right of way in Singapore.
• Many poor people spend hours per day in transportation. Women also face special problems. Disabled people have even fewer transportation choices and can be denied education and employment.
• "In downtown Sacramento, the top view (above-the-canopy) shows that vegetation covers 30% of the area, whereas roofs cover 23% and paved surfaces (roads, parking areas, and sidewalks) 41%" (source)
• part 2, 1:00: Transport Demand Management, TDM.
• part 2, 2:40: "footpaths should be as level as possible, with good ramps, and must avoid forcing pedestrians to go up or down too much ... must be well-maintained and well-lit at night ... shade ... pedestrian bridges are, in fact, not pedestrian-friendly—they are to get pedestrians out of the way so cars can go faster."

Cities on the Move, Executive Summary Page 3 of 5

1. Structural change
   1. stop incenting huge cities by providing free roads and undertaxed land
   2. plan within cities better, although planning to provide more road capacity may be self-defeating
   3. plan for a mix of private autos and other road users
2. improve efficiency
   1. better road management with technology
   2. road maintenance
3. non-motorized transport (walking, cycling)
   1. NMT is underrecognized
   2. A comprehensive vision and action plan. Joel's paraphrase/expansion: cyclists need a complete system, which includes a complete route network (it only takes one gap in a bike lane/path/safe-road trip to make a trip too unsafe or unpleasant to ride daily) plus connectivity to other modes, such as bike storage on buses and trains (bicycles are not allowed on Singapore's trains; they are banned during rush hour on LA's trains), and employer facilities. An investment in only a portion of this will be wasted, and will be taken as evidence that there is no demand. But if roads were built in one-mile segments with cliffs at each end, and no cars were seen on the roads, would that be proof that nobody wants to drive on roads?
   3. traffic management should focus on moving people, not vehicles
4. Public passenger transport
   1. Public transport is for all. Joel's note: Even in Los Angeles, I have seen well-dressed people take the freeway commuter bus from Santa Monica to downtown.
   2. most urban public transport is based on roads
   3. Pricing and financing are the key
   4. There are a lot of good pro-poor, pro-growth transit policies to use
   5. competition is pro-poor
   6. Cities should exploit the informal sector
5. Mass transit: rail for very large cities only
6. the private sector
   1. private financing is possible
   2. planning and regulatory arrangements are fundamental to private participation
7. Transport can be part of a social safety net
8. Road accidents are a global pandemic
9. separation of infrastructure from operations
   1. charging for road infrastructure is efficient and effective financing
   2. fuel taxes are a proxy for direct charging
   3. parking charges should be part of infrastructure pricing strategy
   4. direct charging for roads requires political preparation
   5. "However, the value of having an integrated urban transport fund does not depend on any specific tax source being earmarked for transport." Joel's note: the Seattle monorail project failed after its sole funding source, a car tax, underperformed.
10. "Decentralized democratic process must be complemented by high technical competence."

Vuchic, V.R. (1999) Transportation for Livable Cities, New Brunswick: Center for Urban Policy Research. (Chapter 2: The City-Transportation Relationship). pp. 23-39 are most relevant for this section.

Litman, Todd (2003) Measuring Transportation: Traffic, Mobility and Accessibility, ITE Journal, 73, 10, 28-32

Turton, B. and Knowles, R. (1998) Ch. 7. Urban Transport Problems and Solutions, in Hoyle, B. and Knowles, R. (eds.) (1998) Modern Transport Geography. Wiley, Chichester. (pp. 135-148 only)

Vasconcellos, E.A. (2001) Urban Transport, Environment and Equity: The case for developing countries, London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan. (Chapter 9. The Technical Issue: Traditional Transport Planning, pp. 96-110)